The fresh onset of egg laying for hens try influenced by genotype, health looks updates and you will environment conditions. Local types (light eggshell breeds-Padovana and you may Polverara; shaded eggshell types-Pepoi, Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata and Robusta Lionata) in the Veneto part, when you look at the Northern Italy, were reared outdoors regarding spring (six days old; six WA) so you can fall and you may cold weather. The brand new onset of putting varied with regards to the breed (22–28 WA): precisely the shaded eggshell breeds come laying at the conclusion of summer/beginning of autumn, from the presence from a lowering pure photoperiod, and the egg manufacturing lasted for some days. On 38 WA, artificial light is gradually put in the new photoperiod to track down 14L:10D, and at 42 WA, the half dozen breeds was laying. Having hens reared outside, connections certainly environment, looks time and you may nutritional requirements is highly recommended. The content towards the energetic produce and you will eggs quality of the newest local breed hens are webblГ¤nk of help to the handling of the fresh new birds and for an acceptable way to obtain eggs, for business and also for brooding all year round.
Abstract
The month of hatching and the rearing management, especially temperature and photoperiod, are important factors for pullets and hens reared outdoors. The yield performance and egg quality of dual-purpose chicken breeds from the Veneto region (Italy), Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), with different adult body weights (ABW, kg, PP = 1.3; ER = 2.3, RM and RL = 3.1), were studied, using a factorial model (4 ? 2), considering breed and age (26–33 weeks, first age, summer–autumn, under decreasing natural photoperiod-on average, 12L:12D, and 42–53 weeks, second age, winter, under implemented photoperiod-14L:10D) as the main effects and interaction. The chicks hatched in spring, and they started laying at the end of summer/beginning of autumn. Significant ( p < 0.05)>
1. Inclusion
Over the past partners ages, need for twin-objective chicken breeds could have been growing, both for biodiversity and you can ethical questions. Considering the advances in hereditary improvements to have yield overall performance in hybrid hens done by a few breeding people all around the business , biodiversity is now among trick values from sustainability to own as well as farming . The newest ethical influence on creature welfare try a further essential matter, and this takes into account not just the brand new rearing requirements of your own birds but and its management. The newest males from eggs layer hybrids are slain immediately after hatching, as they do not carry out the standard progress and slaughtering top quality requested to your market . Also, crossbreed broilers show of numerous physical troubles, that don’t let them keeps satisfactory better-becoming conditions, and you may free-variety rearing solutions are expanding because they make it chickens to better reveal their sheer habits [step 3,4]. Into the Italy, the newest Veneto part keeps an extended customs of chicken breeding, several chicken types have been popular for most years, and also in the middle of the very last century, certain twin-objective purebreds are created using white- and you may brown-eggshell breeds . The first profile you to definitely differentiates the new types, according to their origin, ‘s the shade of brand new eggshell, as the chicken genotypes has actually a different phylogenetic resource, with developed separately on the wild Gallus genus immediately after domestication, and many muscles properties differ among them. Pursuing the class suggested because of the Ghigi, in 1905, the fresh residential chicken breeds can be split into three teams, according to the morphological, physiological and you may practical properties . Discover types, that are eg insane Gallus genus, proving early development and sexual readiness and a leading production of eggs having white eggshells. Quite the opposite, you will find breeds highly distinct from insane Gallus , indicating put off growth and you will sexual readiness, low egg creation having brown eggshells, and you may, about third category, you can find advanced types, called dual-mission types, and this tell you advanced traits, with similarity into the types belonging to the first otherwise second class . In reality, it is known your breeds producing eggs with light eggshells keeps human anatomy development, a good metabolic character and you may physiology a great deal more suited to higher egg development than simply brownish eggshell types. So it mental standing, well shown because of the light eggshell hybrids [eight,8], shows that new mineral intake is utilized for almost all of the skeletal and you may growth of muscles before onset of putting then useful for egg production, to prevent battle into the ingested nutrients ranging from looks creativity and you may eggs formation. Now, studies, centered on SNP assortment, genotyped of several poultry breeds and you will hybrids around the world to check on the latest genetic assortment anywhere between and you may inside the populations to your energetic handling of chicken genetic info [9,10]. Variations in hereditary variety when you look at the population were shown involving the very selected industrial covering contours and several African, Southern area American and some regional Western and you can European breeds , plus particular Italian breeds .